{"id":10445,"date":"2019-01-16T07:00:12","date_gmt":"2019-01-16T07:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/?p=10445"},"modified":"2019-01-15T13:23:41","modified_gmt":"2019-01-15T13:23:41","slug":"3d-woven-composite-fabrics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/3d-woven-composite-fabrics\/","title":{"rendered":"Benefits of 3D woven composite fabrics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Complex, single-piece structures are strong and lightweight, says Mark Harries<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Three-dimensional (3D) weaving of composite fabrics can produce complex, single-piece structures that are strong and lightweight.<\/p>\n<p>Compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) fabrics, 3D weaving reduces weight, eliminates the delamination often experienced with 2D fabrics, reduces crack risks, and lowers production time.<\/p>\n<p>3D fabrics also offer direct and indirect manufacturing and operational cost reductions.<br \/>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block; text-align: center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7565662001938327\" data-ad-slot=\"7585079586\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><br \/>\n<strong>What is 3D weaving? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most fabrics are woven in two dimensions &#8211; the X axis (length) and the Y axis (width). 3D woven fabrics include weaving through the thickness, or the Z axis. This produces complex, single-piece structures.<\/p>\n<p>Looms are the primary tool for weaving fabrics. Nearly as old as civilisation itself, looms are ideal machines for weaving 2D fabrics, including webbing, straps, belts, and tapes. However, they cannot weave 3D fabrics without extensive tooling.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10446\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10446\" style=\"width: 167px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/image002-e1547558173534.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10446\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/image002-e1547558173534.png\" alt=\"Benefits of 3D woven composite fabrics\" width=\"167\" height=\"190\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10446\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">3D weaving benefits include weight reduction, elimination of delamination, reduced crack risk, lower production time, and cost reduction<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 1991, Bally Ribbon Mills (BRM) received a research contract from the United States Air Force Research Laboratory that started the company on the path to developing the requisite technology for 3D weaving.<\/p>\n<p>The experience gained from researching and ultimately building the first fully automated 3D bias loom, gave BRM the knowledge and experience to develop other 3D woven composites, including: orthogonal panels, thermal protection systems, near-net-shape, and complex net shape preforms for the aerospace, automotive, construction, military, and safety industries.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Benefits of 3D weaving <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>3D weaving is an emerging technology that offers a variety of benefits over both 2D composite production and more traditional building materials, like steel and aluminium.<\/p>\n<p>The key benefits include weight reduction, elimination of delamination, reduced crack risk, lower production time, and cost reduction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Weight reduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>3D woven composites are drastically lighter than metal structures. This is particularly relevant to the aerospace industry. Every pound of weight saved from an aircraft is estimated to save the aircraft&#8217;s operator roughly $1 million in operating expenses, primarily fuel, over that aircraft\u2019s lifetime.<\/p>\n<p>Smart utilisation of 3D woven composite structures in aircraft design can reduce the weight of an aircraft by up to 30%, resulting in considerable operational cost savings.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Elimination of delamination <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Delamination occurs when two or more layers of a 2D woven composite come apart, or delaminate, from each other. Delamination undermines the strength and reliability of the part, which must be replaced to prevent damage and severe safety issues. Delamination is the primary cause of damage to 2D laminated composites.<\/p>\n<p>3D weaving produces near-net-shape composite structures that are fully interconnected by their yarn, as opposed to 2D composites which include a number of different layers of materials artificially bonded together. This means there is no risk of delamination in 3D woven composites, ensuring they retain strength and reliability.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reduced crack risk <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2D laminated composites are prone to cracking, especially in structures with bends, such as T-shaped structures.<\/p>\n<p>Due to curvature limitations in the layers, many 2D shapes have considerable gaps in joints and intersections.<br \/>\nThese spaces and pockets are often filled with resin, which can crack.<\/p>\n<p>3D woven composites, even in complex shapes, have no empty pockets, as their structural integrity extends along all three axes.<\/p>\n<p>Crack rates in 3D woven composites are therefore far lower than in 2D laminated composites.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lower production times <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2D composite production is a long and precise process. Numerous layers of 2D material are woven, either individually or in larger format and then cut to size. These layers are then pre-impregnated with certain resins, making them what are known as \u2018prepreg\u2019 materials. These materials are then stacked and shaped into the requisite form in a process known as plying.<\/p>\n<p>Plying is often done by hand and is expensive and extremely time consuming. The layers are then laminated together in shape by infusion with additional resins &#8211; some processes and structures even require the material layers to be stitched together prior to lamination.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the structure is set for a period of time, during which the resins cure.<\/p>\n<p>After the structures are properly cured, further machining is required to form a finished product. Required secondary machining processes can include cutting, scraping, sanding, deburring, and drilling.<\/p>\n<p>By contrast, 3-D weaving of composite structures is simpler, faster, and more cost efficient. Similar to 2D looms, 3D weaving looms weave weft and warp yarns along the X and Y axis.<\/p>\n<p>The difference in a 3-D loom is that instead of the fabric continuing along the Y axis, it builds upon itself vertically &#8211; weft and warp yarns are not only woven together on one plane, but one plane is woven together with the next.<\/p>\n<p>Aside from designing a 3D weave, which requires highly skilled design engineers, the 3D weaving process is fully automated and results in net shape or near net shape parts. This dramatically reduces manufacturing time despite the increased complexity of the 3D weaving process.<\/p>\n<p>By weaving entire structures in 3D, the slow and costly plying process &#8211; the longest and most costly portion of manufacturing a 2D laminated composite structure &#8211; is completely eliminated, significantly speeding production and lowering cost.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cost <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Utilising 3D woven composite structures in place of traditional metal or 2D laminated composites can provide cost savings through both the manufacturing process and the product&#8217;s operational lifetime.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10448\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10448\" style=\"width: 195px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/image004-1-e1547558513167.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/image004-1-e1547558513167.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"195\" height=\"186\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Replacing metal or 2D laminated composites with 3D composites reduces both manufacturing and operational costs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Automated 3D weaving technology and near net shape capabilities reduce direct labour and secondary machining costs.<\/p>\n<p>Indirect cost savings result from operational cost savings, for example reduced fuel. In addition, because 3D woven composites are stronger, more resilient, and less prone to breakage than 2D laminated composites, they can be replaced much less often, reducing replacement and maintenance costs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Examples of 3D weaving applications<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Using polymer composites within aircraft engines has long been a challenge, thanks to the high temperatures and complex geometries involved in aircraft engine manufacture.<\/p>\n<p>Polymer composites are desirable, though, because as stated above, the aviation industry is constantly looking to reduce aircraft weight and increase fuel efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>Replacing traditional titanium components with carbon fibre composites in large engine parts serves to reduce weight, as these composite components are significantly lighter than comparable components in metal. In addition, composite engine parts reduce<br \/>\nthe noise level of an aircraft engine.<\/p>\n<p>3D weaving has been particularly successful in advancing aviation heat shield technology.<\/p>\n<p>Thermal protection systems (TPS) are mission-critical components in space exploration vehicles.<\/p>\n<p>The ability to vary yarn types, density, thickness, and width, as well as resin type, allows for the creation of a fully customisable TPS to fit specific mission needs.<\/p>\n<p>Quartz compression pads, for example, have been woven by BRM for the Orion capsule in order to ensure structural strength during launch and heat resistance during re-entry.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, NASA&#8217;s Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) program is developing a carbon TPS for extreme entries, intended to be capable of surviving the challenging environments of Saturn or Venus.<\/p>\n<p>Both these technologies are being developed through extensive additional research, but both rely on the basic principles<br \/>\nand strengths of 3D weaving.<\/p>\n<p>Along with thick panels and engine parts, 3D woven components also function well in joining two structures together. Because of the nature of the 3D weave, strength and support is translated in all three dimensions, thus enabling the join to reinforce the strength along the load paths of the sub-structures being joined together.<\/p>\n<p>These 3D woven shapes for joining can be tailored to suit the architecture of the structure itself, as well as the sub-components being joined.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Replacing traditional metal or 2D composites provides benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Utilising 3D woven composite structures in place of traditional metal or 2D laminated composites can provide cost savings through both the manufacturing process and a product&#8217;s operational lifetime.<\/p>\n<p>Mark Harries is with <span class=\"highlight highlight-blue\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ballyribbon.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bally Ribbon Mills<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Complex, single-piece structures are strong and lightweight, says Mark Harries Three-dimensional (3D) weaving of composite fabrics can produce complex, single-piece structures that are strong and lightweight. Compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) fabrics, 3D weaving reduces weight, eliminates the delamination often experienced with 2D fabrics, reduces crack risks, and lowers production time. 3D fabrics also offer &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10446,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[5559,4069,5558,5231,5557],"class_list":["post-10445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-process","tag-3d","tag-bally-ribbon-mills","tag-composite-fabrics","tag-engineered-woven-fabrics","tag-three-dimensional-weaving"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Benefits of 3D woven composite fabrics - Engineer News Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Complex, single-piece structures are strong and lightweight, says Mark Harries\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/3d-woven-composite-fabrics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Benefits of 3D woven composite fabrics - 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