{"id":15408,"date":"2020-01-31T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/?p=15408"},"modified":"2020-01-30T12:41:04","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T12:41:04","slug":"can-asteroid-mining-solve-the-rare-metal-shortage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/can-asteroid-mining-solve-the-rare-metal-shortage\/","title":{"rendered":"Can asteroid mining solve the rare metal shortage?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Wade Lanning explains that, while space travel is still extremely risky and expensive, certain advantages make asteroid mining an appealing possibility<\/strong>

This may sound like science fiction\u00a0but, since at least the 1970s<\/a><\/strong>, organisations like NASA have been considering the possible advantages of asteroid mining for resources.\u00a0

In the midst of a new privatised space race, companies are revisiting the possibility of sourcing materials from outer space – not least because earth faces a global rare metal shortage.

A single asteroid could contain trillions of dollars\u2019 worth of precious metals, and sourcing materials from asteroids could enable large-scale construction in space.\u00a0

The world demand for rare and precious metals is growing, and a mix of political turmoil and natural scarcity are contributing to fears that the\u00a0global supply will be unable to keep up<\/a><\/strong>.

As supplies dwindle, demand grows, and prices rise, the new private company-based space race might offer a solution to the shortage.\u00a0

The asteroid mining would require major investments in new technologies, but there has been enough interest that\u00a0companies have been formed\u00a0to prospect for asteroids to harvest.\u00a0

Asteroids can be grouped broadly into those that are primarily carbonaceous, silicates, or metallic. Metallic asteroids are primarily iron and nickel but can contain rare metals like platinum, gold, iridium, palladium, osmium, ruthenium and rhodium (see the links to find properties of these materials) at concentration several times higher than what is found on Earth.

A single asteroid\u00a0could be worth hundreds of millions of dollars, billions, or more\u00a0if humans could overcome the formidable challenge of harvesting it.\u00a0

Mine in space to build in space<\/strong>

Bringing rare metals to Earth is not the only possible use for asteroid-derived materials. Building equipment on Earth then lifting it into space is, in fact, expensive.

Every kilogram of material\u00a0costs money\u00a0to lift into orbit, and individual space launches cost upwards of\u00a0$100 million USD.

So, even the more common materials in asteroids, like\u00a0iron\u00a0and\u00a0nickel, take on new value because they are already in outer space.\u00a0

Other materials without an obvious structural purpose, such as water, could be used as raw materials for fuel synthesis and\/or life-sustaining supplies.

If the materials found in asteroids could be processed into a useable form in space, it would remove a major barrier to large-scale construction and exploration in outer space.\u00a0

Surveying for valuable ores<\/strong>

Harvesting an asteroid for trillions of dollars\u2019 worth of platinum sounds exciting. Yet the reality is that, so far, humans have barely harvested a few dust particles from actual asteroids.\u00a0

Much of the in-depth information we have on the composition of asteroids is from the characterisation of\u00a0meteorites\u00a0that have, of course, fallen to Earth from space.

So how could we possibly know which asteroids are worth mining?\u00a0The vast majority of\u00a0measurements of the composition\u00a0of asteroids in outer space have been accomplished using infrared spectroscopy via telescopes.

Asteroids with different compositions absorb different frequencies in the infrared spectrum, allowing scientists to determine what they are made of based on the light they reflect.\u00a0

More recently, radar-based techniques have also been deployed to distinguish different types of an asteroid.

Such\u00a0est<\/strong>imates of asteroid composition\u00a0are often calibrated against samples of meteorites found on Earth.\u00a0The relatively high abundance of rare metals in asteroids allows them to be ranked according to their approximate value and\u00a0relative difficulty to harvest.

A few companies have even\u00a0been founded\u00a0to explore the possibility of extracting heavy metals from near-earth asteroids (NEAs).\u00a0

A challenging mission<\/strong>

A\u00a02012 feasibility study<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena, US, argues that the most attainable first mining project would consist of bringing an NEA into high-lunar orbit, and making it accessible for surveying and material extraction. They estimated that it would be feasible to redirect an asteroid approximately 7 m across to orbit the moon by 2025.

However, the same study estimates the cost of the mission to be at least $2.6 billion USD.\u00a0Bringing an asteroid close enough to Earth to extract valuable materials depends on more than just the distance and size of the asteroid.

One of the most important factors is the change in the asteroid\u2019s velocity, or ‘delta V’, which would be required to alter the asteroid\u2019s trajectory to one that would put it in orbit around Earth or the moon.

The amount of fuel required to push the asteroid would depend on both the asteroid\u2019s mass and delta V.\u00a0

Other factors, like the asteroid\u2019s spin and whether or not it is travelling in an asteroid pair, also factor into the difficulty of re-directing the asteroid to a location for harvesting.\u00a0Thus, any given asteroid\u2019s trajectory, mass, spin and more must be taken into account when planning a retrieval operation.

Additionally, any missions must also be timed to take advantage of periods when the asteroid is already moving closer to the Earth.

How close are we?<\/strong>

In order to understand how much additional research and effort may be required to make harvesting asteroids a reality, we should take a look at the history of human efforts to retrieve materials from space for scientific study.\u00a0

By far the largest amounts of samples ever recovered from outer space were achieved during the race to the moon between the USA and USSR during the 60s and 70s. NASA retrieved a total of\u00a0382 kg of material\u00a0from the Apollo missions between 1969 and 1972.\u00a0

Automated ‘Luna’ spacecraft sent by the USSR also brought back about 300 g worth of samples. It took another 30 years before any other serious efforts to retrieve material from space were attempted.\u00a0NASA\u2019s Stardust spacecraft\u00a0passed near comet\u00a0Wild-2 in 2004\u00a0and used an\u00a0aerogel-based sample collector to capture dust\u00a0from the comet.

Due to its extremely high porosity, the aerogel made ideal material for\u00a0slowing down and trapping\u00a0the very high-velocity dust particles without destroying them.\u00a0

The dust was successfully returned to Earth. The material collected resulted in some valuable\u00a0scientific discoveries; but grabbing a few tiny micron-sized particles is a long way from industrial-scale mining.\u00a0

The Japan\u00a0Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has executed the most successful missions to retrieve material from asteroids so far.

While the\u00a0Hayabusa 1 mission\u00a0to 25143 Itokawa asteroid encountered difficulties and was only able to return with some dust particles, the\u00a0Hayabusa 2 mission\u00a0currently underway to explore and sample the NEA, 162173 Ryugu.

The probe was launched carrying three small rovers, a landing module, and equipment for taking surface samples. It has already completed two sampling runs, where it\u00a0blasted the asteroid\u00a0with a tantalum projectile then collected the flying debris.

Hayabusa 2 is expected to return home in December of 2020 and the samples it carries will be the largest payload of samples retrieved from a near-Earth body since the Apollo missions.\u00a0

NASA also has ongoing missions to take samples from NEAs. The\u00a0OSIRIS-REx probe\u00a0is currently orbiting an NEA, Bennu, where it will map the surface and retrieve samples.

\u00a0The\u00a0sample retrieval operation\u00a0will be a precise manoeuvre whereby the probe approaches Bennu on a trajectory that matches the asteroid\u2019s spin, touches the surface with a sample collector for about five seconds, and uses a jet of nitrogen to flush loose dust and pebbles into traps in the collector.
Both the Hayabusa and OSIRIS-REx missions represent major advancements in our knowledge of how to manoeuvre a vehicle in proximity to an asteroid.\u00a0

By some calculations, Ryugu and Bennu are in the top five most economically viable asteroids for mining efforts. Ryugu has an estimated value of more than $80 billion USD while Bennu is with about $670 million USD.\u00a0

However, they would cost about $50 billion and $485 million to harvest, and those estimates are from\u00a0Planetary Resources, a company whose existence is predicated on the idea that asteroid mining will be feasible soon.

After the Hayabusa and Ryugu missions are concluded, we will have more detailed information about their compositions than ever before, and we will see whether they are as rich in precious metals as speculators hope.\u00a0

The biggest step towards converting asteroids into a harvestable resource may be the upcoming ‘Double Asteroid Redirection Test’ or DART.

Scheduled to launch in 2021, the\u00a0DART mission<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0will involve the asteroid pair 65803 Didymos. The DART vehicle will launch a tiny observer satellite, then it will accelerate towards one of the 65803 Didymos asteroids while taking pictures, then collide with the asteroid.\u00a0

Observations from Earth-based telescopes and the microsatellite will monitor the change in the asteroid\u2019s trajectory relative to its twin. This could be the first step towards redirecting asteroids that pose a threat to Earth or towards moving an asteroid into a convenient position for mining.\u00a0

High costs, high risks but high rewards<\/strong>

So, will the world economy soon be flooded by a vast new supply of previously-scarce precious metals?\u00a0Probably not.

At present, no company is quite ready to risk billions of dollars on a venture that requires technologies which have not been fully developed and techniques that are not proven.\u00a0

The nearest thing humans have accomplished so far is scraping a few tiny samples off of an asteroid\u2019s surface, and even those missions were very risky and challenging.

However, asteroid mining might still have a future.\u00a0In the next few years, missions like Hayabusa 2 and OSIRIS-REx will be returning to earth with their asteroid material samples.

The data from those missions, DART and others will grant us a new understanding of how to manoeuvre vehicles around asteroids and change the trajectory of the asteroids themselves.\u00a0Global demand for technologically-critical metals is still growing.

In the meantime, new NEAs are constantly being discovered, and so is our ability to detect valuable metals in those asteroids. If these trends continue, it may only be a matter of time until an asteroid with enough precious metals passes near the Earth and someone decides it\u2019s worth the risk to try to catch it.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wade Lanning explains that, while space travel is still extremely risky and expensive, certain advantages make asteroid mining an appealing possibility This may sound like science fiction\u00a0but, since at least the 1970s, organisations like NASA have been considering the possible advantages of asteroid mining for resources.\u00a0In the midst of a new privatised space race, companies …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[199],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-news-views-and-opinion"],"yoast_head":"\nCan asteroid mining solve the rare metal shortage? - Engineer News Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wade Lanning explains that, while space travel is still extremely risky and expensive, certain advantages make asteroid mining an appealing possibility\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engineernewsnetwork.com\/blog\/can-asteroid-mining-solve-the-rare-metal-shortage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Can asteroid mining solve the rare metal shortage? 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