Autonomous and remotely operated ships: What a voluntary code signals to the market

Do not use the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Code as an excuse to do nothing, says Yarden Gross

This week in London, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is expected to adopt the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Code – the regulatory framework for autonomous and remotely operated ships. It is, by any measure, a significant step forward. It is, by any measure, a significant step forward. But it is worth being clear about what adoption actually means. The Code is non-mandatory. Shipowners can follow it or not. Flag states can implement it or not. There is no enforcement mechanism, no deadline, no consequence for inaction. The mandatory version will not enter into force until 2032 – six years from now, during which the technology will have lapped the regulation multiple times.

When a regulatory body publishes a voluntary code, the message to shipowners is straightforward: this is where things are heading, but you don’t have to act yet. For conservative operators weighing investment decisions, that’s often enough to defer action. What has historically moved industries is mandatory standards with universal application. AIS transponders, ECDIS, load line rules – in each case, adoption remained limited until the mandate arrived, even when the technology was already proven.

History suggests that voluntary frameworks in safety-critical industries reflect the pace of the slowest movers rather than the most capable ones. And the slowest movers are not the ones absorbing the risk. Human error is implicated in 75–80% of maritime incidents. Fatigue, distraction and the limits of human watchkeeping in demanding conditions are not edge cases; they’re a persistent feature of how ships are operated today. That is not an abstract risk. It is the predictable result of an industry where doing nothing carries no formal consequence.

But there’s a more fundamental problem with waiting. Voluntary frameworks don’t just slow adoption – they entrench the wrong baseline. When human-only watchkeeping remains the unquestioned default, the burden of proof sits entirely with AI-powered decision support. Every incident involving an AI-equipped vessel gets scrutinised. Every near-miss on a conventionally operated ship gets absorbed as normal. That asymmetry distorts how the industry reads its own safety record.

The 2026–2028 experience-building phase (EBP) is designed to generate real-world evidence that will inform the mandatory MASS Code. What’s less clear is why it needs to start from scratch when substantial operational evidence already exists.

Earlier this year, for example, Lloyd’s Register (LR) conducted a live vessel trial of Orca AI’s navigation platform – the first time a major class society has independently assessed an AI-based navigation system in real operating conditions. Over five days, covering 828 nautical miles through the Mediterranean including the busy Strait of Messina, the system was tested against the full range of conditions autonomous navigation will need to handle. Across 739 relevant targets – including small, unlit and low-Radar-signature vessels that traditional Radar failed to identify – it achieved 94% precision and 98.6% recall, with zero downtime throughout.

Moreover, a joint study by Orca AI and P&I club NorthStandard, covering 139 vessels across more than 10.8 million nautical miles, recorded a 52% reduction in high-severity close encounters within 12 months of deployment. Improvements held across vessel ages and operating regions, including the most congested shipping corridors.

This is precisely the kind of evidence the EBP is intended to produce: independent, rigorous, conducted in real conditions by parties with high credibility. The case for engaging with data of this kind now, rather than treating the EBP as the starting point, is straightforward. It already exists.

That evidence points to something the industry has not yet fully absorbed: the threshold for AI-assisted navigation has already been crossed. Not in a lab, and not in a simulation – but in independent trials, at scale, and verified by leading shipping bodies.

When that threshold is crossed, the question the industry should be asking is no longer ‘why adopt AI assistance?’ It is ‘why not?’ Aviation reached this point with collision-avoidance systems decades ago. TCAS did not stay optional once the safety case was established – it became the baseline, and operating without it required justification. Maritime is at an equivalent inflection point, even if the regulatory framework has not caught up.

Making AI-assisted navigation the operational default does not mean removing crews or resolving every question the MASS Code raises. It means treating the unassisted bridge as the condition that needs to explain itself – on safety grounds, on insurance grounds, on operational grounds. The data to support that shift is already there. What’s missing is the willingness to read it as a reason to move, with no exceptions, rather than a reason to feel comfortable waiting.

The MASS Code is a foundation. The mandatory version in 2032 will matter more. But the companies and operators who move seriously in the intervening years will not be waiting for the mandate – they will be building operational expertise, generating the safety data the EBP is designed to produce and setting the performance benchmarks the mandatory code will eventually codify.

More importantly, they will have helped determine what the mandatory code actually says. The operators generating safety data now, in real conditions at scale, are the ones who will set the performance benchmarks regulators will eventually codify. That is not a minor thing – it is the difference between writing the rules and being handed them.

Yarden Gross is CEO and Co-founder, Orca AI. Orca AI is a London, UK-based maritime operations platform utilising artificial intelligence and computer vision.